不同施肥处理对马铃薯农田土壤理化性状及产量的影响

为了探究不同施肥处理对马铃薯农田土壤理化性状及产量的影响,试验地采用马铃薯连作模式,设置3个施肥处理,即：单施化肥(T)、有机肥配施化肥(YTF 1/2)、全量有机肥(YTF)。结果表明：在不同施肥处理下马铃薯农田土壤的理化性质和马铃薯产量发生了变化,其中变化最为明显的土壤指标有土壤容重、孔隙度、饱和导水率、有效磷。YTF处理较T处理可分别显著(P<0.05)降低土壤容重16.8%,增加土壤孔隙度12.7%,提升饱和导水率25.3%。YTF处理可显著提升土壤有效磷含量43.0%,但各处理间土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效钾之间差异并未达到显著水平。同时,较之T处理,YTF处理亦可显著提升土壤团聚体含量。YTF和YTF 1/2处理可分别较T处理提升马铃薯产量24.6%和12.8%。因此,施用有机肥不仅可以改善土壤结构,改良土壤物理性状,亦能促产增收。     

园林绿化垃圾资源化利用产品在园林绿化中的应用效果评价

为探索园林绿化垃圾资源化利用产品在园林绿化和土壤改良中的实际应用效果,进一步推动园林绿化垃圾的资源化利用。本试验分别将园林绿化资源化利用产品——有机肥和生物质炭应用于城市公园的绿化中,选取红花檵木、大叶油草、紫色狼尾草分别作为园林绿化中的灌木和草本的代表性植物,通过测定不同处理中植物的叶绿素含量、株高以及土壤养分来评价园林绿化垃圾资源化利用产品的应用效果。结果显示：有机肥和生物质炭的使用会有效提高3种植株的叶绿素含量,促进植物生长。有机肥对于红花檵木的土壤养分含量的影响并不一致,但是对于土壤含水率和电导率均有不同程度的提高。另外,有机肥和生物质炭会显著提高大叶油草和紫穗狼尾草的土壤养分含量,更加有利于植物生长。本试验在植株生长和土壤养分这一方面为园林绿化垃圾资源化利用产品在园林绿化中的应用提供了理论依据,同时为园林绿化垃圾的资源化利用奠定了基础。后续的研究中要更加深入的在土壤的物理、化学、生物性质三方面进行,进一步充实上述理论依据。     

行距比例及密度对绿洲灌区玉米水分利用效率的互作效应

探究是否可以将行距比例和种植密度集成于同一作物生产系统中来提高作物产量,增加水分利用效率。以玉米"五谷568"为研究材料,于2017—2018年进行大田试验,设7∶3(L_1,宽行56 cm∶窄行24 cm),6∶4 (L_2,宽行48 cm∶窄行32 cm),5∶5(L_3,等行距40 cm) 3个行距比例水平,82 500株/hm~2(D_1)、90 000株/hm~2(D_2)、97 500株/hm~2(D_3)、105 000株/hm~2(D_4)、112 500株/hm~2(D_5) 5个种植密度,探讨不同行距比例及密度处理对玉米的耗水特征、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,L1行距比例可有效降低玉米耗水量,但会增加棵间蒸发,对E/ET影响不显著,其中2017年L_1较L_3能有效降低耗水量11.9%,2018年无显著差异;此外与传统行距比例相比,L_1行距比例具有增产优势,玉米增产5.2%～10.5%,提高水分利用效率6.5%～8.7%。密度间比较,D_3密度较传统密度D_1能有效降低耗水量、棵间蒸发量以及E/ET,对玉米增产及水分利用效率的提高有促进作用;其中D_3密度较传统密度D_1耗水量降低13.3%,2018年差异不显著;棵间蒸发量减小7.1%～7.2%;E/ET减小6.8%～19.2%;玉米增产7.5%～17.1%;水分利用效率提高23.9%～46.2%。2年L_1D_3较传统处理L_3D_1耗水量降低12.8%～30.6%;棵间蒸发量降低8.5%～10.4%;E/ET降低7.3%～7.5%;玉米产量增加7.7%～25.5%;水分利用效率提高36.0%～41.2%。因此,在河西绿洲灌区,7∶3(L_1,宽行56 cm∶窄行24 cm)行距比例结合97 500株/hm~2(D_3)种植密度可有效增加玉米产量,提高玉米水分利用效率。     

信息化、社会网络与农户农资购买渠道选择——基于公司直销与农资零售店的比较

农户购买农资时面临多样化的购买渠道,而信息化与社会网络是影响农户农资购买渠道选择的重要因素。本文利用陕西、甘肃、山东和云南四省农户调研数据,比较了公司直销与农资零售店两种购买渠道的差异,运用二元 Logit 模型和中介效应模型,分析信息化与社会网络对农户农资购买渠道选择的影响。结果表明,农户选择公司直销与农资零售店的比例分别为10.1%和89.9%,即大多数农户选择农资零售店购买农资。信息利用对农户选择公司直销渠道具有显著正向影响;从亲戚和朋友两个维度测量社会网络,发现宗族型社会网络对农户选择公司直销渠道产生了正向影响,朋友圈型社会网络影响不显著;农户农资市场信息认知在信息利用促进农户选择公司直销渠道中发挥部分中介效应。因此,政府应加强农村信息基础设施建设,培养农户信息利用能力。公共信息供给过程中扩大宣传对象群体,促使信息在农户社会网络中有效扩散传播。建设农资企业与农户间有效的信息交流平台,打破信息壁垒,从而帮助农户改进农资购买决策。     

矾根主要品种的叶色表型性状分析

通过目测进行分类的方式很难准确界定矾根品种叶色。为建立一套更为科学的基于叶色表型的矾根品种分类体系,笔者利用色差仪对72个矾根品种共计432个样品的叶色进行测定,对获得的L、a、b 3个色度值进行聚类分析,将72个矾根品种分为褐色系、深绿色系、黄色系、灰绿色系、浅绿色系5类色系。对矾根品种各色系的L、a、b值进行相关性分析,发现叶片正面的L值与a值、a值与b值呈负相关,L值与b值呈正相关,但相关性不明显;叶片背面的L值与a值、a值与b值呈负相关,L值与b值呈显著正相关。从多重比较的结果中可以看出,矾根品种各色系之间的L、a、b色度值差异显著,尤其是各色系间叶正面的颜色差异较大,在矾根品种选育工作中,叶片正面的颜色将作为主要参考。     

Vibrio harveyi (VirB11) recombinant vaccine development against vibriosis in orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

Despite significant improvements in aquaculture to compensate wild catch, disease organisms have thrived in limiting its national and global potential. Using antibiotics, in a bid to remedy the havoc, has given rise to complications, attracting attention to disease prevention by immune enhancement against diseases. Grouper production has been inhibited for the threats of bacterial infection, particularly of Vibrio origin. Considering the rise in vibriosis cases, improved vaccines are necessary; moreover, recombinant vaccines, the choice for trial in the present experiment have been effective and more specific in improving immunity. The current work deals with grouper immune system enhancement with a recombinant vaccine developed from VirB11 gene in Vibrio harveyi. VirB11 was cloned in V. harveyi for recombinant vaccine development against vibriosis in orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). As indicated by the results, recombinant VirB11 protein showed effectiveness in conferring protection against vibriosis with observable specific antibody response in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis; a significant increase (p < 0.05) in antibody levels was observed after a week and after 8 weeks post‐vaccination. From the weeks post‐vaccination, log2 (antibody titres) in the sera of vaccinated groups reached a peak of 14.2 at week 5 in the vaccinated group in comparison with a peak of approximately 5 and 2 in adjuvant and PBS controls. As indicated by the challenge results, 90% relative survival was observed in vaccinated group and 13% relative survival in control group I (adjuvant control). The cumulative performance of protein concludes VirB11 commendable for recombinant vaccine development.     

温州龙湾国际机场入境旅客携带植物及其产品疫情 分析及应对措施

本文通过对2013—2018年温州空港口岸截获的入境旅客植物及其产品情况进行分析,发现温州空港口岸有害生物检出种类呈增长态势。6年共查获管制的植物和植物产品7495批次,截获有害生物110种,其中检疫性有害生物13种,占比11.82%。有害生物种类以昆虫居多,共55种,占比50%;热带水果检出有害生物最多,8种热带水果中检出12种检疫性有害生物。旅客携带物的有害生物检出具有时间季节效应,疫情来源地以东南亚中国台湾、中国香港、越南和泰国等国家和地区为主等特点。根据截获温州空港口岸入境旅客携带植物及其产品检出有害生物特点,因地制宜对入境旅客携带物检验检疫提出相关应对策略。     

金寨毛竹纤维形态及化学成分

通过离析法制取毛竹纤维,观察并记录纤维长度和宽度,计算纤维长宽比,按照国家标准分别测定化学成分质量分数,以此对3~5年生金寨毛竹不同竹干高度、径向的纤维形态和化学成分进行研究。结果表明:3~5年生金寨毛竹平均纤维长度均大于1500μm,且随着竹龄的增加而增加,而在高度上变异规律不明显;平均纤维长宽比均大于100,在竹干高度为5.5 m处达到最大值;灰分质量分数随竹龄的增加而减小,随竹干高度的增加而增加;综纤维素质量分数随竹龄的增加而增加,随竹干高度的增加趋于稳定;苯醇抽提物和纤维素质量分数随竹龄增加先减小再增加。综上可知,金寨毛竹是优良的造纸原料。     

浅谈“十四五”土壤肥力与土壤养分循环分支学科发展战略

土壤肥力与土壤养分循环分支学科是土壤学科中应用性较强的学科,悠久的发展历史积累了极为丰富的文献资料,在评价和利用土壤资源,提高作物产量和养分利用率,减少环境污染中发挥着重要作用。"十四五"期间土壤肥力与土壤养分循环分支学科应加强土壤养分转化过程、速率、产物及其影响因素的基础性研究。鉴于我国大宗作物种植强度下降,集约化设施种植面积增加的两极化发展现状和减肥减药维持生态环境安全的国家需求,"十四五"期间,土壤肥力与土壤养分循环分支学科应加强以下针对性研究:1)休耕轮作对土壤肥力的影响及通过休耕轮作维持和提高土壤肥力的原理、途径和方法;2)高度集约化种植条件下快速恢复土壤肥力,保持土壤健康和有效利用土壤养分的科学管理原理、途径和方法;3)实现土壤-作物-环境相互契合,充分发挥土壤肥力,高效利用土壤养分的基础科学问题。     

Effects of calpain-2 and autophagy-related protein 5 on hepatocyte apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress

AIMTo investigate the effects of calpain-2 and autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5) on apoptosis of BRL-3A rat normal liver cells during endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) induced by dithiothreitol (DTT). METH?ODS: BRL-3A cells were treated with DTT at 2.0 mmol/L for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h to induce ERS. Real-time cell analysis (RTCA) was used to measure the effect of DTT on BRL-3A cell proliferation. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were analyzed by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of calpain-2 and Atg5 was detected by real-time PCR. The protein levels of calpain-2, Atg5, Atg7, Atg12 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) were determined by Western blot. The interaction between calpain-2 and Atg5 was investigated by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). RESULTSThe proliferation of BRL-3A cells treated with DTT was significantly inhibited. The apoptosis of BRL-3A cells was significantly increased after DTT treatment for 6, 12 and 24 h as compared with 0 h group (P<0.05). The cell cycle was arrested in G₁ phase after DTT treatment (P<0.05). After DTT treatment for 6, 12 and 24 h, the mRNA expression of calpain-2 and Atg5 in the BRL-3A cells was significantly increased as compared with 0 h group (P<0.05). The protein levels of calpain-2, Atg12 and Atg7 in the cells treated with DTT for 6, 12 and 24 h were significantly higher than those in 0 h group, and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I was also significantly higher than that in 0 h group, while Atg5 expression was significantly lower than that in 0 h group (P<0.05). The results of Co-IP found that the anti-calpain-2 antibody precipitated Atg5 protein from the cell lysates, and the anti-Atg5 antibody also precipitated calpain-2 from the cell lysates, which confirmed the interaction between calpain-2 and Atg5. CONCLUSION Calpain-2 may participate in ERS-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by interacting with Atg5.